Herod I "The Great". JUDEA 40-4 BC. Æ Prutah, Diadem / Table, NGC VG

Description: Herod I "The Great". JUDEA 40-4 BC. Prutah, Diadem / Table, NGC VG.Herod I(/hrd/;Hebrew:,Modern:Hrds,Tiberian:Hrs;Greek:Hrids; c. 72 4 or 1 BCE), also known asHerod the Great, was aRoman Jewishclient kingofJudea,referred to as theHerodian kingdom. He is known for his colossal building projects throughout Judea, including his renovation of theSecond Templein Jerusalem and the expansion of theTemple Mounttowards its north,the enclosure around theCave of the PatriarchsinHebron, the construction of the port atCaesarea Maritima, the fortress atMasada, andHerodium. Vital details of his life are recorded in the works of the 1st century CE RomanJewish historianJosephus.Herod also appears in the ChristianGospel of Matthewas the ruler of Judea who orders theMassacre of the Innocentsat the time of thebirth of Jesus, although most Herod biographers do not believe that this event occurred. Despite his successes, including singlehandedly forging a new aristocracy from practically nothing,he has still been criticised by various historians. His reign polarizes opinion among historians, some viewing his legacy as evidence of success, and some viewing it as a reminder of his tyrannical rule. Upon Herod's death, the Romans divided his kingdom among three of his sons and his sister:Herod ArchelausbecameethnarchofJudea,Samaria, andIdumea;Herod AntipasbecametetrarchofGalileeandPeraea;Philipbecame tetrarch of territories north and east of theJordan River; andSalome Iwas given atoparchyincluding the cities ofJabneh,Ashdod, andPhasaelis.Herod was born around 72 BCE inIdumea, south ofJudea.He was the second son ofAntipater the Idumaean, a high-ranking official underethnarchHyrcanus II, and Cypros, aNabateanArab princess fromPetra(in present-dayJordan). Herod's father was by descent an Edomite with a Jewish mother; his ancestors had converted toJudaism. Herod was raised as a Jew. Strabo, a contemporary of Herod, held that the Idumaeans, whom he identified as of Nabataean origin, constituted the majority of the population of westernJudea, where they commingled with the Judaeans and adopted their customs. This is a view shared also by some modern scholarly works which consider Idumaeans as of Arab or Nabataean origins. Thus Herod'sethnicbackground wasArabon both sides of his family. Herod rose to power largely through his father's good relations with theRomangeneral anddictatorJulius Caesar, who entrusted Antipater with the public affairs of Judea.Herod was appointed provincial governor of Galilee inc.47 BCE when Herod was about either 25 or 28 years old (Greek original: "15 years of age").There he faithfullyfarmed the taxesof that region for theRoman Senate, and he met with success in ridding that region of bandits. Antipater's elder son,Phasael, served in the same capacity as governor ofJerusalem. During this time the young Herod cultivated a good relationship withSextus Caesar, the acting Roman governor of Syria, who appointed Herod as general ofCoelesyriaandSamaria, greatly expanding his realm of influence. He enjoyed the backing of Rome, but theSanhedrincondemned his brutality. When yet a private man, Herod had determined to punishHyrcanusthe Hasmonean king, who had once summoned Herod to stand trial for murder, but Herod was restrained from doing so by the intervention of his father and his elder brother. In 41BCE the Roman leaderMark Antonynamed Herod and his brother Phasael astetrarchs. They were placed in this role to supportHyrcanusII. In 40BCEAntigonus, Hyrcanus' nephew, took the Judean throne from his uncle withthe helpof theParthians. Herod fled to Rome to plead with the Romans to restore HyrcanusII to power. The Romans had a special interest in Judea because their generalPompey the Greathadconquered Jerusalem in 63 BCE, thus placing the region in the Roman sphere of influence. In Rome, Herod was unexpectedly appointed King of the Jews by theRoman Senate.Josephus puts this in the year of theconsulshipofCalvinusand Pollio (40 BCE), butAppianplaces it in 39BCE. Herod went back to Judea to win his kingdom from Antigonus. Toward the end of the campaign against Antigonus, Herod married the granddaughter of HyrcanusII,Mariamne(known as MariamneI), who was also a niece of Antigonus. Herod did this in an attempt to secure his claim to the throne and gain some Jewish favor. However, Herod already had a wife, Doris, and a young son,Antipater, and chose therefore to banish Doris and her child. Herod and Sosius, the governor of Syria, at the behest ofMark Antony, set out with a large army in 37BCE andcaptured Jerusalem, Herod then sendingAntigonusfor execution to Mark Antony.From this moment, Herod took the role as sole ruler of Judea and the title ofbasileus(, "king") for himself, ushering in theHerodian dynastyand ending theHasmonean Dynasty. Josephus reports this as being in the year of the consulship ofAgrippaandGallus(37BCE), but also says that it was exactly 27 years after Jerusalem fell to Pompey, which would indicate 36BCE.Cassius Dioalso reports that in 37 "the Romans accomplished nothing worthy of note" in the area. According to Josephus, Herod ruled for 37 years, 34 of them after capturing Jerusalem. As some believe Herod's family were converts to Judaism, his religious commitment was questioned by some elements of Jewish society.WhenJohn Hyrcanusconquered the region of Idumaea (theEdomof theHebrew Bible) in 140130 BCE, he required all Idumaeans to obeyJewish lawor to leave; most Idumaeans thus converted to Judaism, which meant that they had to becircumcised, and many had intermarried with the Jews and adopted their customs. While Herod publicly identified himself as a Jew and was considered as such by some,this religious identification was undermined by the decadent lifestyle of theHerodians, which would have earned them the antipathy of observant Jews. Herod later executed several members of his own family, including his wifeMariamneI. Reign in Judea Herod's rule marked a new beginning in the history of Judea. Judea had been ruled autonomously by theHasmonean kingsfrom 140 until 63 BCE. The Hasmonean kings retained their titles, but became clients of Rome after the conquest by Pompey in 63BCE. Herod overthrew the HasmoneanAntigonusin a three-year-long war between 37 and 34 BCE, ruled under Roman overlordship until his death ca. 4BCE, and officially passed on the throne to his sons, thus establishing his own, so-calledHerodian dynasty. Copper coin of Herod, bearing the legend " " ("BasilesHrdou") on the obverse Herod was granted the title of "King of Judea" by theRoman Senate. As such, he was a vassal of theRoman Empire, expected to support the interests of his Roman patrons. Nonetheless, just when Herod obtained leadership in Judea, his rule faced two threats. The first threat came from his mother-in-law Alexandra, who sought to regain power for her family, the Hasmoneans, whose dynasty Herod had overthrown in 37BCE (seeSiege of Jerusalem).In the same year,Cleopatramarried the Roman leader Antony. Recognizing Cleopatra's influence over Antony, Alexandra asked Cleopatra for aid in making Aristobulus III the High Priest.As a member of the Hasmonean family, Aristobulus III might partially repair the fortunes of the Hasmoneans if made High Priest.Alexandra's request was made, but Cleopatra urged Alexandra to leave Judea with Aristobulus III and visit Antony.Herod received word of this plot, and feared that if Antony met Aristobolus III in person he might name Aristobulus III King of Judea. This concern induced Herod, in 35BCE, to order the assassination of Aristobulus, ending this first threat to Herod's throne.The marriage of 37BCE also sparked a power struggle between Roman leaders Octavian, who would later be calledAugustus, andAntony.Herod, owing his throne to Rome, had to pick a side, and he chose Antony.In 31 at Actium, Antony lost to Octavian, posing a second threat to Herod's rule.Herod had to regain Octavian's support if he was to keep his throne.At Rhodes in 31BCE, Herod, through his ability to keep Judea open to Rome as a link to the wealth of Syria and Egypt, and ability to defend the frontier, convinced Octavian that he would be loyal to him. Herod continued to rule his subjects as he saw fit. Despite the autonomy afforded to Herod in his internal reign over Judea, restrictions were placed upon him in his relations with other kingdoms. Herod's support from theRoman Empirewas a major factor in enabling him to maintain his authority over Judea. There have been mixed interpretations concerning Herod's popularity during his reign. InThe Jewish War,Josephuscharacterizes Herod's rule in generally favorable terms, and gives Herod the benefit of the doubt for the infamous events that took place during his reign. However, in his later work,Jewish Antiquities, Josephus emphasizes the tyrannical authority that many scholars have come to associate with Herod's reign. Herod's despotic rule has been demonstrated by many of his security measures aimed at suppressing the contempt his people, especially Jews, had towards him. For instance, it has been suggested that Herod used secret police to monitor and report the feelings of the general populace toward him. He sought to prohibit protests, and had opponents removed by force.He had a bodyguard of 2,000 soldiers. Josephus describes various units of Herod's personal guard taking part in Herod's funeral, including theDoryphnoroi, and aThracian,Celtic(probablyGallic) andGermaniccontingent.While the termDoryphnoroidoes not have an ethnic connotation, the unit was probably composed of distinguished veteran soldiers and young men from the most influential Jewish families.Thracians had served in the Jewish armies since the Hasmonean dynasty, while the Celtic contingent were former bodyguards ofCleopatragiven as a gift by Augustus to Herod following theBattle of Actium.The Germanic contingent was modeled upon Augustus's personal bodyguard, theGermani Corporis Custodes, responsible for guarding the palace. Herod's Templeas depicted on theHolyland Model of Jerusalem. The expansion of the Temple was Herod's most ambitious project. Herod undertook many colossal building projects. Around 19BCE, he began a massive expansion project on theTemple Mount. In addition to fully rebuilding and enlargingthe Second Jewish Temple, he artificially expanded the platform on which it stood, doubling it in size. Today'sWestern Wallformed part of the retaining perimeter wall of this platform. In addition, Herod also used the latest technology inhydraulic cementand underwater construction to build the harbor atCaesarea Maritima. While Herod's zeal for building transformed Judea, his motives were not selfless. Although he built fortresses (Masada,Herodium,Alexandrium,Hyrcania, andMachaerus) in which he and his family could take refuge in case of insurrection, these vast projects were also intended to gain the support of the Jews and improve his reputation as a leader. Herod also builtSebasteand other pagan cities because he wanted to appeal to the country's substantial pagan population. In order to fund these projects, Herod utilized a Hasmonean taxation system that heavily burdened the Judean people. Nevertheless, these enterprises brought employment and opportunities for the people's provision. In some instances, Herod took it upon himself to provide for his people in times of need, such as during a severe famine that occurred in 25BCE. Although he made many attempts at conforming to traditional Jewish laws, there were more instances where Herod was insensitive, which constitutes one of the major Jewish complaints of Herod as highlighted in Josephus'Antiquities of the Jews. In Jerusalem, Herod introduced foreign forms of entertainment, and erected a golden eagle at the entrance of the Temple,which suggested a greater interest in the welfare of Rome than of Jews. Herod's taxes garnered a bad reputation: his constant concern for his reputation led him to make frequent, expensive gifts, increasingly emptying the kingdom's coffers, and such lavish spending upset his Jewish subjects. The two major Jewish sects of the day, thePhariseesand theSadducees, both showed opposition to Herod. The Pharisees were discontented because Herod disregarded many of their demands with respect to the Temple's construction. The Sadducees, who were closely associated with priestly responsibilities in the Temple, opposed Herod because he replaced their high priests with outsiders fromBabyloniaand Alexandria, in an effort to gain support from the Jewish Diaspora. Herod's outreach efforts gained him little, and at the end of his reign anger and dissatisfaction were common amongst Jews. Heavy outbreaks of violence and riots followed Herod's death in many cities, including Jerusalem, as pent-up resentments boiled over. The scope of the disturbances sparked hopes that the Jews of Judea might some day overthrow the Roman overlords, hopes reawakened decades later in the outbreak of theFirst Jewish-Roman Warin 66CE. Herod and Augustus The relationship between Herod andAugustusdemonstrates the fragile politics of a deified Emperor and a King who rules over the Jewish people and their holy lands. As they interact, Herod's focus for satisfying the Jewish and non-Jewish people of his kingdom has to be balanced with satisfying Augustus' intentions of spreading the culture, architecture and values of Rome throughout his empire. The sway ofAugustusand theRoman Empireon the policy led to the development of Romanized construction throughout Herod's Kingdom. An example of Herod's Architectural expansion ofJudeain devotion to Rome can be seen with the third temple he commissioned, theAugusteum, a temple dedicated to Augustus. Architectural achievements Distinctive Herodian masonry at theWestern WallinJerusalem Herod's most famous and ambitious project was the expansion of theSecond Templein Jerusalem which was undertaken so that he would "have a capital city worthy of his dignity and grandeur" and with this reconstruction Herod hoped to gain more support from the Jews.Recent findings suggest that the Temple Mount walls andRobinson's Archmay not have been completed until at least 20 years after his death, during the reign ofHerod Agrippa II. In the 18th year of his reign (2019 BCE), Herod rebuilt the Temple on "a more magnificent scale".Although work on out-buildings and courts continued for another 80 years, the new Temple was finished in a year and a half.To comply with religious law, Herod employed 1,000 priests as masons and carpenters in the rebuilding.The finished temple, which was destroyed in 70CE, is sometimes referred to asHerod's Temple. Today, only the four retaining walls remain standing, including theWestern Wall. These walls created a flat platform (the Temple Mount) upon which the Temple was then constructed. Herod's other achievements include the development of water supplies for Jerusalem, building fortresses such asMasadaandHerodium, and founding new cities such asCaesarea Maritimaand the enclosures ofCave of the PatriarchsandMamreinHebron. He and Cleopatra owned a monopoly over the extraction ofasphaltfrom the Dead Sea, which was used in shipbuilding. He leasedcoppermines onCyprusfrom the Roman emperor. New Testament references Massacre of the Innocents, 10th century depiction. Herod on the left. Herod appears in theGospel of Matthew,which describes an event known as theMassacre of the Innocents. According to this account, after the birth ofJesus,a group of magi from the Eastvisited Herod to inquire the whereabouts of "the one having been born king of the Jews", because they had seen his star in the east (or, according to certain translations, at its rising) and therefore wanted to pay him homage. Herod, as King of the Jews, was alarmed at the prospect of a usurper. Herod assembled the chief priests and scribes of the people and asked them where the "Anointed One" (theMessiah, Greek: ,ho Christos) was to be born. They answered, inBethlehem, citingMicah 5:2. Herod therefore sent the magi to Bethlehem, instructing them to search for the child and, after they had found him, to "report to me, so that I too may go and worship him". However, after they had found Jesus, they were warned in a dream not to report back to Herod. Similarly,Josephwas warned in a dream that Herod intended to kill Jesus, so he and his family fled to Egypt. When Herod realized he had been outwitted, he gave orders to kill all boys of the age of two and under in Bethlehem and its vicinity. Joseph and his family stayed in Egypt until Herod's death, then moved toNazarethin Galilee to avoid living under Herod's sonArchelaus. Most modern biographers of Herod, and probably a majority of biblical scholars, dismiss Matthew's story as a literary device.Contemporary non-biblical sources, including Jewish historianJosephusand the surviving writings ofNicolaus of Damascus(who knew Herod personally), provide no corroboration for Matthew's account of the massacre, and it is not mentioned in theGospel of Luke. Classical historianMichael Grantstates "[t]he tale is not history but myth or folk-lore", while Peter Richardson notes that the story's absence from the Gospel of Luke and the accounts of Josephus "work[s] against the account's accuracy". Richardson suggests that the event in Matthew's gospel was inspired by Herod's murder of his own sons.Jodi Magnesshas said that "many scholars believe that the massacre of the innocents never occurred, but instead was inspired by Herod's reputation".Others, such as Paul Maier, suggest that since Bethlehem was a smaller town, the slaughter of about a half dozen children would not have warranted a mention from Josephus. Death Herod died inJericho,after an excruciatingly painful, putrefying illness of uncertain cause, known to posterity as "Herod's Evil".Josephus states that the pain of his illness led Herod to attempt suicide by stabbing, and that the attempt was thwarted by his cousin.In some much later narratives and depictions, the attempt succeeds; for example, in the 12th-centuryEadwine Psalter.Other medieval dramatizations, such as theOrdo Rachelis, follow Josephus' account. Josephus stated that Herod was so concerned that no one would mourn his death that he commanded a large group of distinguished men to come to Jericho, and he gave an order that they should be killed at the time of his death so that the displays of grief that he craved would take place;but his brother in law Alexas and his sisterSalomedid not carry out this wish. Year of death: either 5, 4 or 1 BCE, or 1 CE The Division of Herod's Kingdom: Territory underHerod Archelaus Territory underHerod Antipas Territory underPhilip the Tetrarch JamniaunderSalome I. Most scholarship concerning the date of Herod's death followsEmil Schrer's calculations, which suggest that the date was in or around 4BCE; this is three years earlier than the previous consensus and tradition (1BCE).Two of Herod's sons, Archelaus andPhilip the Tetrarch, dated their rule from 4BCE,though Archelaus apparently held royal authority during Herod's lifetime.Philip's reign would last for 37 years, until his death in the 20th year ofTiberius(34CE), which implies his accession as 4BCE. Some scholars support the traditional date of 1BCE for Herod's death.Yet others support 1CE for the probable date of Herod's death.Filmer and Steinmann, for example, propose that Herod died in 1BCE, and that his heirs backdated their reigns to 4 or 3 BCE to assert an overlapping with Herod's rule, and bolster their own legitimacy. In Josephus' account, Herod's death was preceded by first a Jewish fast day (10 Tevet 3761/Sun 24 Dec 1BC) alunar eclipse(29 Dec 1BC)and followed byPassover(27 March 1AD).Objections to the 4BCE date include the assertion that there was not nearly enough time between the eclipse on March13 and Passover on April10 for the recorded events surrounding Herod's death to have taken place.In 66 AD, Eleazar ben Hanania compiled the Megillat Taanit, which entry on 2 Shevat (14 Jan 1AD) mentions and celebrates Herod's death. Successors Augustus respected the terms of Herod's will, which stipulated the division of Herod's kingdom among three of his sons.Augustus recognised Herod's sonHerod ArchelausasethnarchofJudea,Samaria, andIdumeato 6CE, referred to as thetetrarchy of Judea. Augustus then judged Archelaus incompetent to rule, removed him from power, and combined the provinces of Samaria, Judea proper, and Idumea intoIudaea province. This enlarged province was ruled by aprefectuntil the year 41CE. As to Herod's other sons,Herod Antipaswas tetrarch ofGalileeandPeraeafrom Herod's death to 39CE when he was deposed and exiled;Philipbecame tetrarch of territories north and east of the Jordan, namelyIturea,Trachonitis,Batanea,Gaulanitis,AuranitisandPaneas,and ruled until his death in 34CE. Herod's tomb Main article:Herodium Herod's sarcophagus, displayed at theIsrael Museum The location of Herod's tomb is documented byJosephus, who writes, "And the body was carried two hundredfurlongs, to Herodium, where he had given order to be buried." ProfessorEhud Netzer, an archaeologist from theHebrew University, read the writings of Josephus and focused his search on the vicinity of the pool and its surroundings. An article in theNew York Timesstates, LowerHerodiumconsists of the remains of a large palace, a race track, service quarters, and a monumental building whose function is still a mystery. Perhaps, says Ehud Netzer, who excavated the site, it is Herod'smausoleum. Next to it is a pool, almost twice as large as modernOlympic-size pools. Aerial photo ofHerodiumfrom the southwest On May 7, 2007, anIsraeliteam ofarchaeologistsof Hebrew University, led by Netzer, announced they had discovered the tomb.[96][97][98][99]The site is located at the exact location given by Josephus, atop tunnels and water pools, at a flattened desert site, halfway up the hill toHerodium, 12 kilometers (7.5mi) south of Jerusalem.The tomb contained a brokensarcophagusbut no remains of a body. Not all scholars agree with Netzer: in an article for thePalestine Exploration Quarterly, archaeologist David Jacobson (University of Oxford) wrote that "these finds are not conclusive on their own and they also raise new questions."In October 2013, archaeologists Joseph Patrich and Benjamin Arubas also challenged the identification of the tomb as that of Herod. According to Patrich and Arubas, the tomb is too modest to be Herod's and has several unlikely features. Roi Porat, who replaced Netzer as excavation leader after the latter's death, stood by the identification. TheIsrael Nature and Parks Authorityand theGush Etzion Regional Councilintend to recreate the tomb out of a light plastic material, a proposal that has received strong criticism from major Israeli archeologists

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