Germany 1966 Democratic Republic 20 Mark, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 4920

Description: You are bidding on: Germany 1966 Democratic Republic 20 Mark, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, KM-16.1, BU, Rare. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (July 1, 1646 – November 14, 1716) was a German mathematician and philosopher. He occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy. Leibniz developed calculus independently of Isaac Newton, and Leibniz's mathematical notation has been widely used ever since it was published. It was only in the 20th century that his Law of Continuity and Transcendental Law of Homogeneity found mathematical implementation (by means of non-standard analysis). He became one of the most prolific inventors in the field of mechanical calculators. While working on adding automatic multiplication and division to Pascal's calculator, he was the first to describe a pinwheel calculator in 1685 and invented the Leibniz wheel, used in the arithmometer, the first mass-produced mechanical calculator. He also refined the binary number system, which is the foundation of virtually all digital computers. In philosophy, Leibniz is most noted for his optimism, e.g., his conclusion that our Universe is, in a restricted sense, the best possible one that God could have created. Leibniz, along with René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza, was one of the three great 17th century advocates of rationalism. The work of Leibniz anticipated modern logic and analytic philosophy, but his philosophy also looks back to the scholastic tradition, in which conclusions are produced by applying reason to first principles or prior definitions rather than to empirical evidence. Leibniz made major contributions to physics and technology, and anticipated notions that surfaced much later in philosophy, probability theory, biology, medicine, geology, psychology, linguistics, and computer science. He wrote works on philosophy, politics, law, ethics, theology, history, and philology. Leibniz's contributions to this vast array of subjects were scattered in various learned journals, in tens of thousands of letters, and in unpublished manuscripts. He wrote in several languages, but primarily in Latin, French, and German. There is no complete gathering of the writings of Leibniz. Winning bidder to make the payment by PayPal. Please add US $5.00 for S/H for US and Canadian addresses. International shipping will be US $10.00. For orders delivered in Canada the following taxes (GST or HST) apply for each province listed: (as of July 1, 2010): AB: 5%, BC 12%, MB 5%, NB 13%, NF 13%, NT 5%, NS 15%, NU 5%, ON 13%, PEI 5%, QC 5%, SK 5% and YT 5%. Tax on books is only 5% GST for all of Canada. We will email you total including tax after auction is over. Please Note: There is no sales tax on USA or international orders.

Price: 325 USD

Location: East York, Ontario

End Time: 2025-01-08T20:43:06.000Z

Shipping Cost: 3 USD